Resumen Introducción: El objetivo principal del estudio fue evaluar la necesidad de ajuste posológico de ceftriaxona en pacientes críticos hipoproteinémicos. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional y retrospectivo, llevado a cabo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) del Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real (médico-quirúrgica de 21 camas), en el que se incluyeron pacientes tratados con ceftriaxona en la UCI desde enero de 2014 a diciembre de 2019 y se clasificaron en dos grupos al inicio del tratamiento: pacientes normoproteinémicos (proteínas totales >5,5g/dl) e hipoproteinémicos (proteínas totales ≤5,5g/dl). Variables principales: Edad, sexo, APACHE II, diagnósticolocalización del foco infeccioso, estancia en UCI, dosis de ceftriaxona, pauta posológica, tratamiento antibiótico concomitante, empírico o dirigido, necesidad de cambio de tratamiento, días de antibioterapia y mortalidad. Resultados: Se incluyeron 98 pacientes (44 normoproteinémicos y 54 hipoproteinémicos). No se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las características basales de ambos grupos, exceptuando la localización del foco, siendo respiratorio con mayor frecuencia en el grupo de pacientes normoproteinémicos (p=0,044). Se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas a favor del grupo de pacientes normoproteinémicos para: estancia en UCI (p=0,001), necesidad de cambio de tratamiento antibiótico (p=0,004), días de antibioterapia (p=0,007) y mortalidad (p=0,046). Conclusión: Los resultados terapéuticos obtenidos en el grupo de pacientes críticos hipoproteinémicos tratados con ceftriaxona ponen en evidencia la necesidad de considerar la hipoproteinemia como un factor que podría condicionar dicho resultado si se emplean las pautas posológicas de tratamiento habituales.

Abstract Introduction: The main objective of the study was to evaluate the need for posologic adjustment of ceftriaxone in critical hypoproteinemic patients. Patients and methods: Observational and retrospective study, carried out in the intensive care unit (ICU) of the General University Hospital of Ciudad Real (21-bed medical-surgical), which included patients treated with ceftriaxone in the ICU from January 2014 to December 2019 and classified into two groups at the beginning of treatment: normoproteinemic (total proteins >5.5 g/dl) and hypoproteinemic (total proteins ≤5.5g/dl) patients. Main variables: Age, sex, APACHE II, diagnosis-location of the infectious site, ICU stay, ceftriaxone dose, dosage regimen, concomitant antibiotic treatment, empirical or targeted antibiotic treatment, need to change treatment, days of antibiotic therapy and mortality. Results: 98 patients were included (44 normoproteinemics and 54 hypoproteinemics). No statistically significant differences were obtained between the basal characteristics of both groups, except for the location of the infectious site, being respiratory more frequently in the group of normoproteinemic patients (p=0.044). Statistically significant differences were obtained in favour of the group of normoproteinemic patients for: stay in ICU (p=0.001), need for change of antibiotic treatment (p=0.004), days of antibiotherapy (p=0.007) and mortality (p=0.046). Conclusion: The therapeutic results obtained in the group of critical hypoproteinemic patients treated with ceftriaxone show the need to consider hypoproteinemia as a factor that could condition such result if the usual treatment dosage guidelines are used.

Resumen: Factores relacionados con el animal y el ambiente pueden afectar la frecuencia de mastitis, siendo la genética y la estrategia de alimentación algunos de dichos factores. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la frecuencia de mastitis clínica y los recuentos de células somáticas (RCS) de vacas Holando de dos biotipos, Norteamericano (NA) y Neozelandés (NZ), bajo dos estrategias de alimentación (pastura o mixto). En la Unidad Experimental de Lechería de INIA La Estanzuela (Colonia, Uruguay) fueron agrupadas 120 vacas en 4 tratamientos según la combinación de biotipo y estrategia de alimentación (n=30). La cantidad de vacas con mastitis clínica y los RCS fueron registrados mensualmente durante una lactación. Hubo una interacción entre el biotipo y la paridad de las vacas (primíparas y multíparas) (P=0,04) para la frecuencia de mastitis. Vacas primíparas NA presentaron menor probabilidad de presentar mastitis clínica (ODR: 0,003). Por el contrario, las vacas multíparas NA fueron las que presentaron mayor probabilidad de experimentar mastitis clínica (ODR: 0,12), mientras que las vacas de origen NZ mostraron valores intermedios (ODR primíparas: 0,082; ODR multíparas: 0,066). La estrategia de alimentación no afectó la frecuencia de mastitis ni los RCS. Tampoco el biotipo afectó el RCS. En conclusión, sin importar la estrategia de alimentación, la frecuencia de mastitis clínica fue diferente según el biotipo, pero estas diferencias fueron influenciadas por el número de partos de los animales. Los RCS no fueron afectados por la estrategia de alimentación o el biotipo animal.

Abstract: Mastitis frequency could be affected by animal and environmental conditions such as dairy cow genetics and feeding strategies. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the probability of clinical mastitis and somatic cell count (SCC) for New Zealand (NZ) and North American (NA) Holstein-Friesian cows maintained on two different feeding strategies (pasture or mixed). A total of 120 cows from the experimental dairy farm of the National Agricultural and Livestock Research Institute (INIA, by its Spanish acronym) (Colonia, Uruguay) were grouped into four groups derived from the combination of two feeding strategies: Grass Maximum or Grass Fixed, and two Holstein strains: NZ or NA (n=30). Clinical mastitis and SCC were evaluated monthly during a whole lactation period. There was an interaction between the Holstein strains and parity for clinical mastitis (P=0.04). The NA primiparous cows were the least likely to suffer clinical mastitis (OR: 0.003), while NA multiparous cows were the most likely to show clinical mastitis (OR: 0.12). The NZ cows reported intermediate values of OR (primiparous: 0.082, multiparous: 0.066). Feeding strategies did not affect clinical mastitis or SCC. Similar SCC was found for NZ and NA strains. In conclusion, regardless of the feeding strategy, the probability of clinical mastitis differed by the genetic origin of the Holstein cows. However, this difference was influenced by parity. The SCC was not influenced by the Holstein strain or the feeding strategy.

Resumo: A genética e os sistemas de alimentação são fatores que afetam a incidência de mastite. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a incidência de mastite clínica e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) de vacas holandesas de dois biótipos, norte-americana (NA) e neozelandês (NZ), sob dois sistemas de alimentação (pastejo fixo ou máximo). Na Unidade Experimental do INIA La Estanzuela (Colonia, Uruguay) 120 vacas foram distribuídas em 4 tratamentos de acordo com a combinação de biótipo e alimentação (n = 30). O número de vacas com mastite clínica e a CSS foram registrados mensalmente durante uma lactação. Houve interação entre o biótipo e a paridade das vacas (P = 0,04) na frequência de mastite. Vacas primíparas NA apresentaram menor probabilidade de apresentarem mastite clínica (ODR: 0,003). Em contraste, as vacas multíparas NA tiveram a maior probabilidade de experimentar mastite clínica (ODR: 0,12), sendo as vacas de origem NZ os animais com valores intermédios (ODR primíparas: 0,082; ODR multíparas: 0,066). O sistema de alimentação não afetou a frequência de mastite ou CCS. O biótipo também não afetou a CCS. Em conclusão, independente do sistema de alimentação, a frequência de mastite foi diferente de acordo com o biótipo, mas essas diferenças foram influenciadas pela paridade dos animais. A CCS não foi afetada pelo sistema de alimentação ou biótipo animal.

Abstract Six simultaneous experiments were carried out to determine the content of primary and secondary metabolites of six species of trees, shrubs and forage herbaceous legumes under the edaphoclimatic conditions of Valle del Cauto, Cuba. A randomized block design with six replications was used and the treatments were the regrowth ages of 60, 120 and 180 days for trees and shrubs (Leucaena leucocephala, Tithonia diversifolia, Gliricidia sepium and Eritrina variegata) and 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days for creeping legumes (Neonotonia wightii and Teramnus labialis), in the rainy and dry seasons. There were determined N, glucose, fructose and sucrose (primary); total phenols, total tannins, total condensed tannins, total bound condensed tannins, free condensed tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenes, total steroids, stachyose, verbascose and raffinose. Cluster analyzes to group species with similar characteristics were performed. During the rainy season seven groups were found and in the dry season eight; with the best results, comprehensively, for Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia in both seasonal periods. The age had a marked effect on the content of primary and secondary metabolites by decreasing the former and increasing the latter as maturity advanced. This performance was evidenced by verifying, through cluster analysis, that the groups where the highest contents of secondary compounds were found were composed of the most advanced ages of the Neonotonia wightii, Teramnus labialis, Erythrina variegata and Leucaena leucocephala species, in both seasonal periods. Aspects of vital importance for future studies where the associative effects of species with lower content of these compounds (Tithonia diversifolia and Gliricidia sepium) were are analyzed, both in the ecosystem and in the animal response.

Resumen Se realizaron seis experimentos simultáneos para determinar el contenido de metabolitos primarios y secundarios de seis especies de árboles, arbustos y leguminosas herbáceas forrajeras en las condiciones edafoclimáticas del Valle del Cauto, Cuba. Se empleó un diseño en bloques al azar con seis réplicas y los tratamientos fueron las edades de rebrote de 60, 120 y 180 días para los árboles y arbustos (Leucaena leucocephala, Tithonia diversifolia, Gliricidia sepium y Eritrina variegata) y de 30, 45, 60, 75 y 90 días para las leguminosas rastreras (Neonotonia wightii y Teramnus labialis), en los periodos lluvioso y poco lluvioso. Se determinaron N, glucosa, fructosa y sacarosa (primarios); fenoles totales, taninos totales, taninos condensados totales, taninos condensados ligados totales, taninos condensados libres, alcaloides, flavonoides, saponinas, triterpenos, esteroides totales, estaquiosa, verbascosa y rafinosa. Se realizaron análisis de conglomerados para agrupar las especies con características similares. Durante el periodo lluvioso se encontraron siete grupos y en el poco lluvioso ocho; con los mejores resultados, de forma integral, para la Gliricidia sepium y Tithonia diversifolia en ambos períodos estacionales. La edad presentó marcado efecto en el contenido de metabolitos primarios y secundarios al disminuir los primeros e incrementar los segundos en la medida que la madurez avanzaba. Este comportamiento se evidenció al constatar, mediante el análisis de conglomerados, que los grupos donde se encontró los mayores contenidos de los compuestos secundarios estaban integrados por las edades más avanzadas de las especies Neonotonia wightii, Teramnus labialis, Erythrina variegata y Leucaena leucocephala, en ambos periodos estacionales. Aspectos de vital importancia para trabajos futuros donde se analicen los efectos asociativos de especies con menor contenido de estos compuestos (Tithonia diversifolia y Gliricidia sepium) tanto en el ecosistema como en la respuesta animal.

Abstract In the province of Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, the COVID-19 epidemic has a limited progression that shows an early small-number peak of infections. Most published mathematical models fit data with high numbers of confirmed cases. In contrast, small numbers of cases make it difficult to predict the course of the epidemic. We present two known models adapted to capture the noisy dynamics of COVID-19 in the Santiago de Cuba province. Parameters of both models were estimated using the approximate-Bayesian-computation framework with dedicated error laws. One parameter of each model was updated on key dates of travel restrictions. Both models approximately predicted the infection peak and the end of the COVID-19 epidemic in Santiago de Cuba. The first model predicted 57 reported cases and 16 unreported cases. Additionally, it estimated six initially exposed persons. The second model forecasted 51 confirmed cases at the end of the epidemic. In conclusion, an opportune epidemiological investigation, along with the low number of initially exposed individuals, might partly explain the favorable evolution of the COVID-19 epidemic in Santiago de Cuba. With the available data, the simplest model predicted the epidemic evolution with greater precision, and the more complex model helped to explain the epidemic phenomenology.

Abstract The classical and modified equations of Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami are compared with the equations of conventional Gompertz and Montijano-Bergues-Bory-Gompertz, in the frame of growth kinetics of tumors. For this, different analytical and numerical criteria are used to demonstrate the similarity between them, in particular the distance of Hausdorff. The results show that these equations are similar from the mathematical point of view, and the parameters of the Gompertz equation are explicitly related to those of the Avrami equation. It is concluded that Modified Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avrami and Montijano-Bergues-Bory-Gompertz equations can be used to describe the growth kinetics of unperturbed tumors.

Introduction: Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability in Chile. More than 85% of patients suffer from hemiplegia and more than 69% functional motor disability of the upper extremities. This alteration generates an impact on the use of the upper limb, affecting the various activities of people's daily lives. There are no studies that combine electromyographic biofeedback therapy and bimanual activation with functional electrical stimulation in subjects with stroke. Therefore, there is interest in determining the effect of a training protocol based on Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) with bimanual activation and biofeedback therapy on the function of the upper limb. Methodology: 15 subjects with stroke between 40 and 85 years recruited in the outpatients neurorehabilitation program of Clínica Dávila, randomized in an experimental group and in two control groups of 5 subjects. In each session the experimental group will train fifteen minutes of bimanual activation with functional electrostimulation and then a ten-minute biofeedback training program, while the control 1 and control 2 group trained under the same conditions but with placebo FES and placebo BF-EMG respectively. Results There were significant changes in the experimental group after the intervention. Conclusion This study suggests the electrical stimulation works and biofeedback as a tool for the rehabilitation of the upper limb in subjects with stroke.

Resumen Introducción El accidente cerebrovascular constituye la principal causa de muerte y discapacidad en Chile. Más del 85% de los pacientes sufren hemiplejía y más del 69% discapacidad motora funcional de las extremidades superiores. Esta alteración genera impacto en el uso de la extremidad superior, afectando las diversas actividades de la vida diaria de las personas. No existen estudios que combinen terapia de biofeedback electromiográfico y activación bimanual con estimulación eléctrica funcional en sujetos secuelados de Accidente cerebrovascular (ACV). Por esto, surge el interés de determinar el efecto que tiene un protocolo de entrenamiento basado en Estimulación Eléctrica Funcional (EEF) con activación bimanual y terapia de biofeedback en la función de la extremidad superior. Metodología: 15 sujetos secuelados de ACV entre 40 y 85 años reclutados en el área de neurorrehabilitación ambulatoria de Clínica Dávila, aleatorizados en un grupo experimental y en dos grupos controles de 5 sujetos. En cada sesión el grupo experimental entrenará quince minutos de activación bimanual con electroestimulación funcional y luego un programa de entrenamiento de biofeedback de diez minutos, mientras que el grupo control 1 y control 2 entrenaron en las mismas condiciones pero con EEF placebo y BF-EMG placebo respectivamente Resultados Existieron cambios significativos en el grupo experimental luego de la intervención. Conclusión Este estudio sugiere la estimulación eléctrica funciona y biofeedback como una herramienta para la rehabilitación de la extremidad superior paréticas en sujetos secuelados de ACV.

Resumen: Se evaluó el efecto del tratamiento con aire caliente (35 °C/36 h) sobre nectarinas Big Top, previo a la conservación a 0 y 5 °C durante 6, 18 y 27 días seguidos de 6 días a 20 °C (vida de mostrador, vm). La actividad respiratoria en los frutos a 5 °C fue el doble (24 CO2 kg-1h-1) de la medida en los frutos a 0 °C durante el pico respiratorio. A 0 °C, los frutos tratados mostraron entre un 2 y un 5 % más actividad respiratoria. Los polifenoles totales no fueron afectados por temperatura ni tratamiento en conservación (0,22 y 0,24 mg equivalente ácido gálico g-1 pf), pero aumentaron casi el doble en vm, sobre todo en frutos procedentes de 0 °C. En algunos momentos de análisis la capacidad antioxidante total de los frutos no tratados a 0 °C (0,42 y 0,45 mg equivalente ácido ascórbico g-1 pf) duplicó a la de los tratados, aunque esta situación se revirtió en vm. La actividad de la superóxido dismutasa fue considerablemente mayor en frutos tratados a 0 °C (15-30 unidades de actividad mg-1 de proteína), contrariamente a lo que ocurrió a 5 °C. La actividad de la poligalacturonasa y pectinmetil esterasa, así como el desarrollo de harinosidad en vm y en frutos no tratados procedentes de 5 °C, indicaría que el tratamiento térmico tuvo un efecto protector, reduciendo la ocurrencia del daño. Sin embargo, la poca o nula respuesta observada en otras variables hace necesaria la confirmación del efecto en trabajos futuros.

Abstract: The effect of hot air treatment (35 °C / 36 h) on Big Top nectarines prior storage at 0 and 5 °C for 6, 18 and 27 days followed by 6 days at 20 °C (shelf life, sl) was evaluated. Respiratory activity was twice as much in fruits at 5 °C (24 mg CO2 kg-1h-1), compared to those kept at 0 °C during the respiratory peak. At 0 °C, the treated fruits showed between 2 and 5 % more respiratory activity. The total polyphenols were not affected by temperature or treatment (0.22 and 0.24 mg galic acid equivalent g-1 fw) but almost doubled in sl, especially in fruits from 0 °C. At some analysis moments, the total antioxidant capacity of untreated fruits stored at 0 °C (0.42 and 0.45 mg equivalent ascorbic acid g-1 fw) doubled the values of the treated ones, although this situation was reversed in sl. The superoxide dismutase activity was considerably higher in fruits treated and stored at 0 °C (15-30 units of activity mg-1 of protein), as opposed to the observed at 5 °C. The activity of polygalacturonase and pectinmethyl esterase, as well as the development of mealiness in sl and in untreated fruits from 5 °C, would indicate that the heat treatment had a protective effect reducing the occurrence of damage. However, the little or no response observed in other variables make it necessary to confirm the effect of heat treatment in future studies.

Resumo Os moluscos são um requisito essencial para a conclusão do ciclo de vida pelo nematoide metastrogilídeo Angiostrongylus cantonensis, o agente causador de infecções em animais domésticos e selvagens, principalmente roedores, e também de angiostrongilíase neural ou meningite eosinofílica em humanos. Há muitos relatos de moluscos que podem atuar como hospedeiro para este parasito, sendo o foco dado aos moluscos de água doce e no gigante africano Achatina fulica. O gastrópode terrestre Bulimulus tenuissimus é amplamente distribuído no território brasileiro e há outras espécies do mesmo gênero que ocorrem no Brasil e outros países, sobrepondo-se às regiões em que há relatos à ocorrência de A. cantonensis e angiostornigilíase. Apesar disso, não há registro na literatura, acerca desta espécie como hospedeiro intermediário para A. cantonensis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a possibilidade de infectar experimentalmente, utilizando larvas L1 de A. cantonensis, em condições laboratoriais, o molusco B. tenuissimus, utilizando técnicas de histologia e microscopia eletrônica. Três semanas após a exposição às larvas L1, foi possível recuperar larvas L3 dos moluscos infectados, em pequena quantidade. As larvas em desenvolvimento foram observadas na massa cefalopediosa (pé), ovotestis e nos tecidos do manto, sendo localizadas dentro de uma estrutura granulomatosa constituída por infiltração hemocitária, mas não houve deposição de cálcio ou colágeno nessas estruturas em quantidade significativa. Na terceira semana pós exposição, foi possível observar uma bainha ao redor das larvas em desenvolvimento. Os caracóis infectados apresentaram redução no tecido muscular fibroso na região do pé, perda da organização acinar na glândula digestiva, com aumento de material amorfo dentro dos ácinos e perda do padrão epitelial da organização nuclear nas células acinares. No entanto, o ovotestis, pareceu não ser afetado pela infecção, uma vez que houve um grande número de oócitos em desenvolvimento e espermatozóides em diferentes estágios de formação. A digestão dos moluscos infectados nos permitiu a recuperação de larvas de terceiro estágio (17,25%), aos 14 dias após a exposição à L1 de A. cantonensis . Estas L3 recuperadas de B. tenuissimus foram utilizados para infectar ratos experimentalmente, e 43 dias após a infecção, as larvas do primeiro estágio (L1) foram recuperadas de fezes frescas. Os resultados apresentados representam o primeiro registro do papel de B. tenuissimus como hospedeiro intermediário experimental de A. cantonensis e trazem alguma luz a um problema, até então silencioso, uma vez que a sobreposição da distribuição de B. tenuissimus e A. cantonensis no Brasil, e outros países, onde as diferentes espécies de Bulimulus ocorrem, torna possível o estabelecimento e manutenção do ciclo de vida deste parasito na natureza, com roedores selvagens como reservatório, agindo como fonte de infecção para humanos e causando a angiostrongilíase neural.

Abstract Snails are essential to complete the life cycle of the metastrongylid nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the causative agent of infections in domestic and wild animals, mainly rodents, and also of neural angiostrongyliasis or eosinophilic meningitis in humans. There are many reports of mollusks that can act as intermediate hosts of this parasite, especially freshwater snails and the African giant Achatina fulica. The terrestrial gastropod Bulimulus tenuissimus is widely distributed in Brazil and other species of the same genus occur in Brazil and other countries, overlapping regions in which there are reports of the occurrence of A. cantonensis and angiostrongyliasis. In spite of this, there are no records in the literature of this species performing the role of intermediate host to A. cantonensis. The present study analyzed the experimental infection with first-stage larvae of A. cantonensis, under laboratory conditions, of B. tenuissimus, by using histology and electron microscopy techniques. Three weeks after exposure to L1 larvae, it was possible to recover L3 larvae in small numbers from the infected snails. Developing larvae were observed in the cephalopedal mass (foot), ovotestis, and mantle tissues, being located inside a granulomatous structure composed of hemocyte infiltration, but there was no calcium or collagen deposition in these structures in significant amounts. In the third week post exposure, it was possible observe a sheath around the developing larvae. The infected snails presented reduction in the fibrous muscular tissue in the foot region, loss of the acinar organization in the digestive gland, with increase of amorphous material inside the acini and loss of epithelial pattern of nuclear organization in the acinar cells. However, the ovotestis seemed unaffected by the infection, since there was a large number of developing oocytes and spermatozoa in different stages of formation. The digestion of infected snails allows us the third-stage recovery rate of 17.25%, at 14 days post exposure to the L1. These L3 recovered from B. tenuissimus were used to infect rats experimentally, and 43 days post infection first-stage (L1) larvae of A. cantonensis were recovered from fresh feces. The results presented constituted the first report of the role of B. tenuissimus as an experimental intermediate host to A. cantonensis and shed some light on a possible problem, since the overlapping distribution of B. tenuissimus and A. cantonensis in Brazil and other countries where different species of Bulimulus occur enables the establishment and maintenance of the life cycle of this parasite in nature, with wild rodents as reservoirs, acting as a source of infection to humans, causing neural angiostrongyliasis.

SUMMARY Background: Spain, due to its geopolitical situation, is not exempt from the threats and challenges associated with viral infectious diseases such as the «viral hemorrhagic fevers». Implementing actions to reduce these risks with the development of an emergency treatment against these viral agents for intravenous is of great interest. Objective: Develop two formulations of Ribavirin 100 mg/ml with different excipients and manufacturing conditions to look for the most stable formulation. Material and methods: Ribavirin, various buffers and water for injections have been used. Physical alterations, richness and pH have been evaluated following specifications of European Pharmacopoeia monograp. Results: Results of pH and richness of both formulations are exposed with and without terminal sterilization. Conclusions: The results obtained meet specifications for both formulations, demonstrating chemical stability after preservation under long-term study conditions for 12 months and accelerated for 6 months. The development of injectable 100 mg/ml ribavirin (10% w/v) satisfies a therapeutic need related to the treatment of first choice in highly contagious viral diseases that lack treatments.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: España por su situación geopolítica no está exenta de amenazas y desafíos asociados a enfermedades infecciosas víricas como las «fiebres hemorrágicas víricas». Implementar acciones para disminuir estos riesgos frente a agentes víricos con el desarrollo de un tratamiento de urgencia por vía intravenosa resulta de gran interés. Objetivos: Desarrollar dos formulaciones de Ribavirina 100 mg/ml con distintos excipientes y condiciones de fabricación para buscar la formulación más estable. Material y métodos: Se ha utilizado ribavirina, distintos tampones y agua para inyectables. Se ha evaluado alteraciones físicas, riqueza y pH siguiendo especificaciones de la monografía de la Farmacopea Europea. Resultados: Se exponen resultados de pH y riqueza de ambas formulaciones con y sin esterilización terminal. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos cumplen especificaciones para ambas formulaciones, demostrando una estabilidad química tras su conservación en condiciones de estudios a largo plazo durante 12 meses y acelerados durante 6 meses. El desarrollo de la ribavirina 100 mg/ml (10% w/v) inyectable satisface una necesidad terapéutica relacionada con el tratamiento de primera elección en enfermedades víricas altamente contagiosas que carecen de tratamientos eficaces.

Resumo Agricultura urbana é muito comum nas cidades, como Rio de Janeiro e adjacências, sendo uma importante atividade econômica de subsistência. No entanto, esta prática pode criar condições adequadas para o estabelecimento e manutenção do ciclo de vida de muitos parasitos. Os moluscos limneídeos podem atuar como hospedeiros intermédios de muitas espécies de trematódeos, incluindo aqueles que infectam humanos e animais selvagens e domésticos. No presente estudo, o molusco Lymnaea columella foi coletado de plantações urbanas de agrião e a morfologia das cercárias liberadas por eles foi analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura leve e de varredura. As larvas foram identificadas como xifidiocercárias, pertencentes ao grupo das Cercariae Ornatae, Ordem Plagiorchiiformes. Análises histológicas da glândula digestiva dos moluscos infectados evidenciaram esporocistos, com formação de granuloma e metaplasia do tecido epitelial.

Abstract Urban agriculture is very common in the cities, as Rio de Janeiro and adjacencies, being important as economic activity. However, this practice can create appropriate conditions for establishment and maintenance of life cycle of many parasites. Lymneid snails can act as intermediate hosts of many trematodes species, including those that infect humans and wild and domestic. In the present study, the snail Lymnaea columella was collected from an urban watercress plantations and the morphology of cercariae released by them was analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy. The specimens were identified as xiphidiocercariae, belonging to the Cercariae Ornatae group, of the order Plagiorchiiformes. Histological examination of the digestive gland of the infected snails revealed the presence of developing sporocysts, with hemocitary infiltration and metaplasia in the epithelial tissue.

ABSTRACT: The objective of the present work is to contribute to the knowledge of the characteristics of the mycelium at the level of in vitro culture (mycelial mat) of Scutellinia scutellata using the system of (Nobles, 1965), this being a micromorphological complement for a better description. The results of the application of this technique show us structures that are not present in the microscopic revisions of the ascocarps as well as the type of rot could be determined quickly and accurately.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente trabajo es contribuir al conocimiento de las características del micelio a nivel de cultivo in vitro (mata miceliar) de Scutellinia scutellata empleando el sistema de (Nobles, 1965), siendo este un complemento micromorfologico para una mejor descripción. Los resultados de la aplicación de esta técnica nos muestran estructuras que no están presentes en las revisiones microscópicas de los ascocarpos así como también se pudo determinar de manera rápida y precisa el tipo de pudrición.

Abstract The photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) using a Au/TiO2 catalyst and ultraviolet (UV) light energy source (9 mW/cm2) discussed. Gold nanoparticles were synthesized by controlled urea reduction and deposited 011 titanium dioxide (TiO2) by the deposition-precipitation method. The average size of the nanoparticles was 6-8 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization confirmed that TiO2 was present in the anatase phase, whereas the presence and particle size of gold were determined by transmission electrón microscopy (TEM). The results oí the degradation showed that the activity of TiO2 was improved when Au nanoparticles were present on the surface. The reactions were performed at atmospheric pressure and room temperature.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Malassezia spp is a saprophyte of the skin, related to diverse cutaneous affections, and has been reported a high frequency in patients with immunosuppression. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of Malassezia spp in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus according to glycemic control. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An open, observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed in volunteer patients who participated in the 24th National March of the Patient with Diabetes in Mexico City on October 15, 2016; where preprandial capillary glycemia and glycosylated hemoglobin were taken. We took a scraping of the malar region skin to find Malassezia spp, smears stained with methylene blue. RESULTS: A total of 49 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included; there were a predominance of 31 patients without glycemic control (67%) in comparison with 16 controlled patients (33%). Smears with low yeast (+) were present in 21 (59%) uncontrolled patients and in 7 (41%) controlled patients; smears with a moderate amount of yeast (++) were present in 7 (74%) uncontrolled patients and in 5 (26%) controlled patients; smears with abundant yeasts were present in 7 (63%) uncontrolled patients and in 2 (37%) controlled patients. CONCLUSION: In our study the prevalence of Malassezia spp in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was of 100%, with a lower number of yeasts in patients with adequate glycemic control; this can indicate that the possibility of presenting this yeast increases with bad glycemic control and probably denotes the degree of immunosuppression in these patients.

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Malassezia spp es un saprófito de la piel, relacionada con diversas afecciones cutáneas, se ha reportado frecuencia elevada en pacientes con inmunosupresión. OBJETIVO: determinar la prevalencia de Malassezia spp en individuos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de acuerdo con el control glucémico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio abierto, observacional, descriptivo y transversal, efectuado en pacientes voluntarios que participaron en la 24ª Carrera Nacional del Paciente con Diabetes el 15 de octubre de 2016 en la Ciudad de México, en quienes se realizó toma de glucemia capilar preprandial y hemoglobina glicosilada, así como pesquisa de Malassezia spp mediante frotis de la región malar, teñido con azul de metileno. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 49 pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2; hubo predominio de 31 pacientes sin buen control glucémico (67%) en comparación con 16 pacientes controlados (33%). Los frotis con levaduras escasas (+) estuvieron presentes en 21 (59%) pacientes sin control y en 7 (41%) pacientes con control; los frotis con cantidad de levaduras moderada (++) se observaron en 7 (74%) pacientes sin control y en 5 (26%) pacientes con control; los frotis con levaduras abundantes estuvieron presentes en 7 (63%) pacientes sin control y en 2 (37%) pacientes con control. CONCLUSIÓN: en nuestro estudio la prevalencia de Malassezia spp en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 fue del 100%, con menor número de levaduras en los que tenían control glucémico adecuado, lo que puede indicar que la posibilidad de tener esta levadura aumenta con el descontrol glucémico y probablemente denota el grado de inmunosupresión en estos pacientes.

Resumo O Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) é uma infecção de transmissão sexual com um alto índice de contágio na população jovem e adulta, e principal fator de Câncer do Colo Uterino ligado ao inicio precoce das relações sexuais. Objetivo: Determinar o nível de conhecimentos de adolescentes de uma escola preparatória sobre o HPV. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo realizado em 242 alunos de ambos os sexos. Aplicou-se um instrumento com 46 itens agrupados em quatro seções: dados sociodemográficos, conhecimentos sobre o vírus, aspectos da saúde sexual e fontes de informação, nível de confiabilidade de 0.7. Resultados: 53.7% mulheres, 40.5% com 17 anos e 97.1% solteiro. 64.6% não identificou o que é o HPV, 68.6% não soube que afecções pode gerar o vírus, e 88% não identifica que fumar pode predispor nas mulheres risco para a aquisição do vírus; 78.5% identificou o fator principal de risco e 82.6% a melhor via de proteção contra a infecção. O nível de conhecimentos gerais foi baixo, em 80% dos participantes. Conclusões: O desconhecimento perante o fenômeno pode contribuir à imperícia em saúde ou a ter atividades de risco como ter múltiplos casais sexuais ou não usar o preservativo ante um contato sexual.

Abstract The human papilloma virus, a sexually transmitted infection with a high likelihood of contagion among young and adult populations, is the main cervical- uterine cancer causing factor linked to early initiation of sexual intercourse. Objective: To determine the level of knowledge on the topic among adolescents in one high school. Methods: This is a transversal and descriptive study with a sample of 242 students of both sexes. An instrument with 42 items grouped in four sections: social-demographic data, knowledge on the human papilloma virus, issues on sexual health, and sources of information was applied. The reliability level was estimated at 0.7. Results: From the sample, 53.7% were women, 40.5% were 17 years old, and 91.1% were single. Sixty four point six percent did not identify the virus, 68.6% did not know about the illnesses the virus can provoke, and 88% did not know that smoking can predispose women towards a greater risk of acquiring the virus. From the sample, 78.5% identified the principal risk factor, and 82.6% were aware of the best protection against infection. The general level of knowledge was low in 80% of the participants. Conclusions: The lack of knowledge on the issue can lead to risky lifestyles such as having multiple sexual partners or nor using the condoms accordingly.

Resumen El virus del papiloma humano es una infección de transmisión sexual con un alto índice de contagio en población joven y adulta y principal factor del cáncer cérvico-uterino ligado al inicio precoz de las relaciones sexuales. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimientos de adolescentes de una escuela preparatoria, sobre el virus del papiloma humano. Métodos: Estudio transversal, descriptivo realizado en 242 alumnos de ambos sexos. Se aplicó instrumento con 46 ítems agrupados en cuatro secciones: datos sociodemográficos, conocimientos sobre el virus, aspectos de salud sexual y fuentes de información; nivel de confiabilidad de 0,7. Resultados: Un 53.7% mujeres, 40.5% con 17 años y un 97.1% soltero. El 64.6% no identificó qué es el virus del papiloma humano, El 68.6% no supo qué afecciones puede generar el virus, y el 88% no identifica que el fumar puede predisponer, en las mujeres, riesgo para la adquisición del virus; el 78.5% identificó el factor principal de riesgo y el 82.6% la mejor vía de protección contra la infección. El nivel de conocimientos general fue bajo en el 80% de los participantes. Conclusiones: El desconocimiento frente al fenómeno puede contribuir a la mala praxis en salud o a tener actividades riesgosas como el tener múltiples parejas sexuales o no usar el preservativo ante un contacto sexual.